Under the Sun
Stuffing prisons with black men is not the way to reduce crime
By Harold Jackson
Inquirer Columnist
One of my four brothers graduated from the University of Iowa, but being an African American male, I don't think I want to spend too much time in the Hawkeye State.
Only about 2 percent of Iowa's population is African American, but blacks are 13.6 times more likely than whites to be imprisoned there. That's more than twice the national average, which is bad enough. Hispanics nationally are imprisoned at double the rate of whites.
I shouldn't pick on Iowa, though. I live in New Jersey, where African Americans are imprisoned at 10 times the rate of whites. Over in Pennsylvania, it's five times.
You would think the disparities would be worse in the Old South states. But in Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia, where blacks make up larger portions of the population, they are only about three times more likely to be imprisoned than whites.
These incarceration statistics were released last week by the Sentencing Project, a research and advocacy group that promotes alternatives to prison. The numbers are sure to prompt recitations of that old Richard Pryor joke: I went to the courthouse to find justice, and that's exactly what I found: Just us!
But it's not funny.
The racists among us, blatant and closeted, will be quick to attribute the imprisonment disparity to the misguided belief that African Americans are inherently prone to criminality. I've seen no valid studies supporting that view. But numerous scholars have correlated crime to conditions of poverty - and African Americans
remain disproportionately poor.
In that regard, conditions are better but still similar for many African Americans to what sociologist W.E.B. DuBois observed when he researched The Philadelphia Negro, published in 1899.
"We have had a period of financial distress and industrial depression," DuBois wrote. "The ones who have felt this most are the poor, the unskilled laborers, the inefficient and the unfortunate, and those with small social and economic advantages; the Negroes are in this class, and the result has been an increase in Negro crime and pauperism."
DuBois said crime is "the open rebellion of an individual against his social environment,
Sure sounds like parts of Philadelphia today, or parts of almost any big city and even some rural areas.
But the relationship of poverty to crime isn't the only reason for the discrepancy between black and white incarceration rates. Prejudice still plays a role, as it did in DuBois' day.
"In convictions by human courts the rich always are favored somewhat at the expense of the poor, the upper classes at the expense of the unfortunate classes, and whites at the expense of Negroes," he wrote.
DuBois noted that what we would call white-collar crimes today - forgery, embezzlement - were not prosecuted with the same vigor 100 years ago in a "commercial community" like Philadelphia. Lesser crimes such as "petty thieving, breaches of the peace, and personal assault and burglary" received more severe punishment.
Today's parallel might be in the inequitable prosecution of drug crimes, a major factor for the racial discrepancies in U.S. prison incarceration rates.
According to Human Rights Watch, two out of every five black persons sent to state prisons nationally in 2000 were convicted of drug crimes. Although blacks constitute no more than 15 percent of all drug users, 63 percent of drug offenders sent to state prisons were black.
Why that discrepancy? Studies show the majority of drug offenders sent to prison in the last decade were convicted of low-level drug possession or sales. Where do most of those arrests occur? In low-income neighborhoods populated largely by African Americans.
Why? Because it's much easier to make a bust in poor neighborhoods where drugs are sold in open markets than in suburban neighborhoods where drug abuse is largely hidden.
It's not that African Americans are more likely to abuse drugs. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse says whites make up about 72 percent of America's illegal drug users; blacks, 15 percent. But blacks are most likely to be caught - and sent to prison.
Criminal behavior should be prosecuted wherever it occurs. But easing the poverty that afflicts too many minority communities would have a profound effect on reducing the crime within them. That will take more jobs and better education to qualify for jobs.
In the meantime, more drug treatment programs and more sentencing alternatives for nonviolent criminals makes more sense than building prison after prison for members of a community targeted more for where they live than for what they have done.
To read "Uneven Justice: State Rates of Incarceration by Race and Ethnicity," by Marc Mauer and Ryan S. King for the Sentencing Project, see http://go.philly.
Contact deputy editorial page editor Harold Jackson at 215-854-2555
or hjackson@phillynews
Source URL: http://www.philly.
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